THE
GREATEST BARD OF TAMIL BHARATHIAR
N.Nandhivarman
The 94th anniversary of Mahakavi Subramania Bharathiar falls on September 11 of
2015. The Bharathiar Memorial Museum was set up by the Government of Pondicherry
in 1972. In 1984 it was converted into a research center to which from all over
the world people have come. The Government of Pondicherry headed by then Chief
Minister D.Ramachandiran had brought out a beautiful book in French in 1982,
which contains translations of Bharathiar’s poems, prose and English articles.
Such laudable exercises must be continued by successive governments to foster
French and Tamil cultural exchanges by translating literatures belonging to
both languages. But during his lifetime Bharathiar had struggled to bring out
his works in print.
The
ordeals of Poets in the colonial era to see their masterpieces in print could
be easily understood by a letter through which Mahakavi Bharathiar sought
financial support from his well wishers. In an open appeal written in 1921, the
Great Bard of Tamil Renaissance states, "All of my manuscripts,
accumulated labour of my 12 year exile have arrived here from Pondicherry. They
are to be divided into 40 separate books. Most of my works which I have
selected for publication are prose, stories, sensational at the same time
classical, very easy, lucid, clear, luminous and all but too popular in style
and diction and at the same time chaste, pure, correct, epic and time
defying." By this appeal the Poet not only exudes confidence in his
creative literature and its contents but also is convinced that he is standing
at the cross roads of critical times and is destined to play a crucial role.
His words further down in the same appeal will be enough to portray the
missionary zeal that burnt in him. "The historic necessity of my works for
the uplift of the Tamil Land which again is a sheer necessity of the
inevitable, imminent and heaven-ordained revival of the East", says
Mahakavi. These words firmly reflect the inner feelings of the most enlightened
Tamil mind of our times, which was destined to leave an everlasting impact on
the Tamil society.
Stands
Apart
The Poet’s vision was clear and he
pursued his life’s mission with all his inherent strength, doing what was
destined to be done. He wrote a satirical story “The Fox with a Golden
Tail", which was published in 1914. It should also be mentioned that
Aurobindo Ghose lauded the flowery language of Bharathiar in that story.
Dr.Nanjunda Rao of Chennai who was immensely pleased ordered for 500 copies and
many letters of appreciation poured in from all quarters. Kuvalai Kannan read
those letters to Bharathiar hoping he would be pleased. But Bharathiar stated
as follows: " Using my brain to its fullest capacity while I write in my
mother tongue Panchali Sabadam, you alone read it, whereas if it is in English
our men who are slaves to English colonial culture order for copies after
copies", the poet retorted with contempt records R.A.Padmanabhan in Chitra
Bharathi, a compilations of pictures and historical notes on Bharathiar.
Tamil
Medium
At
that point of time when all men of letters under colonial rule were crazy over
the proficiency in the tongue of the ruling classes, Bharathiar stands apart as
a champion of the Tamil cause. In his book Essays and Other Prose Fragments published
in 1937 writing under the title “Vernaculars" Bharathiar extends support
to the Tamil medium of instruction in the schools of Education.
Let
me reproduce his views in verbatim: “I do not blame the Madras Council of
Indian education for their anxiety to have Professor Geddes’ views on the
subject of employing Indian languages as media of instruction in Indian
schools. For I am aware those men’s thoughts are ordinarily molded by their
environments. Nor do I blame the good and learned Professor Geddes for his
innocent comparison of the revival of Indian languages with the Gaelic revival
in Wales and in Ireland. I do not know if Gaelic has any extensive and living
literature. But I feel it is high time to remind all parties concerned, in the
discussions like this, that most of the Indian languages have great, historic
and living literatures. Of course their luster has been slightly dimmed by
economic conditions during these later days. The English educated minority in
this country can be pardoned for being frightfully ignorant of the higher
phases of our national literatures, but they will well do to drop that annoying
attitude of patronage and condescension when writing and talking about our
languages. The Tamil language for instance has a living philosophical and
poetical literature that is far grander, to my mind, than that of the
vernacular of England. For the matter of that, I do not think that any modern
vernacular of Europe can boast of works like Kural of Valluvar…" so goes
on the Great Bard. This quality and courage of conviction is rare among the
educated of his times and even today the ignorance of the educated towards the
grandeur of the Tamil language and their wild goose chase of the foreign
language continues unabated even after the wise counsel by Bharathiar.
The
themes
His
book Essays and Prose Fragments contains the following topics 1) To the being
of the Universe 2) The Service of God 3) The Siddha and the Superman 4)
Immortality 5) Fatalism 6) The Dawn 7) Rasa- The Keyword of Indian Culture 8)
Blunting the Imagination 9) The Crime of Caste 10) The Place of Women 11)
Women’s Freedom 12) Love and Marriage 13) Patriotism and Religious Differences
14) The National Congress 15) New Birth 16) Matri Puja 17) India and the World
18) In Memoriam 19) The Coming Age 20) Reflections 21) Some Political Maxims
22) Free Speech 23) India and war 24) Nammalvar 25) Andal 26) Rights and Duties
27) Vernaculars 28) The occult element in Tamil speech. The list of the essays
will reveal the subjects that were near and dear to his heart.
Feminism
Of
particular mention is his voice for the cause of feminism. Speaking about the
greatness of womanhood the Poet stands apart with no sign of male chauvinism, a
characteristic flaw that causes even today gender bias and female infanticide.
Let me quote him “But if woman has always been the civilizer and, therefore,
the spiritual superior of man, why did she get enslaved at all? For it is not
only among Indians but also among the European and the Chinese and the Japanese
and the Hottentots as, indeed all brutes and birds and insects, that the female
has been content, till now, to occupy an enslaved, or if you please, a
subordinate place to the male." There cannot be a champion of the cause of
feminism than Mahakavi Bharathiar in that point of time in the history of
Tamils. A forerunner for the cause of feminism he had left his imprint by way
of many articles and poems.
Crusader against Caste
Bharathi
describes caste as a crime against humanity and let us know his feelings well
expressed in his own style “You sometimes quote ethnology, eugenics,
hydrostatics and what not, to support these four thousand castes! But, alas,
the ignorant masses of our country have been made to believe that this caste
chaos is a special divine gift to our country and whoever transgresses it has
to go to Hell. It is this belief more than anything else that makes people
insensible to the injurious results of caste. If you really have your
justification in ethnology or hydrostatics, then you have been cheating people
during all these centuries by telling them a different story. No science can
justify cheating". The scientific temper, which the poet possesses, is
what anyone who cares for fellow beings will want to inculcate in a caste-
ridden society. The Poets are conscience keepers of their culture and the
society in which they hail, and in un-mistaken terms Bharathiar registers his
voice of protest against the caste-infected society.
Spreading
his message globally
Bharathiar’s
Tamil poems translated in many languages have established his greatness beyond
an iota of doubt, at the same time very little attention is shown towards his
writings in English, and it is high time his scholarly opinion on contemporary
issues be understood. The Hindu in its sub-editorial dated 12 th September 1921
records the demise of this great poet thus: “We regret to learn the death of
Varakavi Subramanya Bharathi at his residence in Triplicane last night. The
deceased was an ardent nationalist, a great thinker, a shining speaker and a
powerful writer. He is the author of number of Tamil works including National
songs. His recitation of the national songs infused genuine patriotism in the
hearts of his listeners. He, like many other patriots of India, was an exile in
Pondicherry for some years, because his patriotic speeches did not please the
Gods in power. He has for some time past been ailing and by his premature death
the country has lost a born poet and a sincere patriot.Swadesamithran
too paid tributes in its editorial. But it is a sad fact that only handfuls
were present when his body was cremated.
Let
us learn to respect great men when they are alive and be grateful for the great
bards who uphold our culture universally.
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